An eye infection occurs when harmful microorganisms—such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi—invade any part of the eye or surrounding tissues. These infections can affect one or both eyes and range from mild to severe. Depending on the type and cause, symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, and vision problems. Eye infections can affect the conjunctiva, cornea, eyelids, or internal structures and often require prompt medical attention to prevent complications.
Some of the most common eye infections include conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis, blepharitis, and styes. Conjunctivitis is highly contagious and causes redness and discharge. Keratitis affects the cornea and can lead to serious complications if untreated. Blepharitis involves inflammation of the eyelids, and styes are painful, pus-filled bumps on the eyelid. Each infection has distinct causes and symptoms but often shares overlapping signs like irritation and tearing.
Symptoms of an eye infection may vary based on the type, but commonly include redness, swelling, itching, discharge, light sensitivity, and a gritty or burning sensation. Some infections may also cause blurred vision, excessive tearing, or eyelid tenderness. In more severe cases, pain and vision loss can occur. It’s important to seek prompt medical evaluation if symptoms persist or worsen, as untreated infections may lead to more serious eye issues.
Eye infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial and viral infections are most common and often spread through direct contact, contaminated hands, or shared personal items. Poor hygiene, wearing contact lenses too long, or exposure to contaminated water can also increase risk. Allergies, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system may make eyes more susceptible to infection. Identifying the cause helps determine the most effective treatment.
A healthcare provider typically diagnoses an eye infection through a physical examination of the eye and a review of your symptoms and medical history. In some cases, they may collect a sample of eye discharge or tissue for lab testing to identify the exact cause. Additional tests, such as a slit-lamp exam, may be used to examine the eye’s structures more closely. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment and to prevent complications.
Treatment for an eye infection depends on the cause. Bacterial infections usually require antibiotic eye drops or ointments, while viral infections often resolve on their own but may benefit from antiviral medications in severe cases. Fungal and parasitic infections are treated with specialized medications. Supportive care like warm compresses, artificial tears, and avoiding irritants can ease discomfort. Timely treatment helps prevent the infection from spreading or affecting vision.
