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Intraocular Pressure (IOP)


Intraocular pressure (IOP) refers to the fluid pressure inside the eye. It is a critical factor in maintaining the eye’s shape and ensuring proper function. IOP is regulated by the balance between the production and drainage of aqueous humor, the fluid that nourishes the eye and keeps it inflated. Normal IOP typically ranges from 10 to 21 mmHg (millimeters of mercury), but when it becomes too high or too low, it can lead to various eye problems, the most significant being glaucoma. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential for early detection of glaucoma and preventing optic nerve damage.

  • Causes: Intraocular pressure can increase when the eye’s drainage system becomes blocked or dysfunctional, preventing aqueous humor from leaving the eye at the proper rate. This can happen due to aging, genetic predisposition, or underlying eye conditions like uveitis or trauma. Certain medications, such as corticosteroids, can also increase IOP. Conversely, abnormally low IOP can occur after eye surgery or injury.
  • Symptoms: Elevated IOP usually does not produce noticeable symptoms until significant damage has occurred. In the case of glaucoma, people may experience vision loss, especially peripheral vision, halos around lights, eye pain, headaches, or in severe cases, sudden vision loss. Low IOP can cause symptoms such as blurred vision, discomfort, or a deflated appearance of the eye.
  • Treatment: Managing intraocular pressure is crucial for preventing damage to the optic nerve and preserving vision. Treatment for high IOP may include prescription eye drops to reduce fluid production or increase fluid drainage, oral medications, laser treatments, or surgery. Low IOP is usually treated by addressing the underlying cause, such as adjusting medications or performing surgery to restore normal pressure. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and management of IOP-related conditions.

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